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Entity- Relationship model (chapter-05)

 

Headings

  • ER concept and terminology.
  • Entities, Relationship and attribute.
  • ER Diagrams.
  • Mapping conceptual model into relational schema.
  • Introduction to ERR modelling
  • ER concept and terminology.
  • Entities, Relationship and attribute.
  • ER Diagrams.
  • Mapping conceptual model into relational schema.
  • Introduction to ERR modelling
  • ER concept and terminology.


ER concept and terminology.

  • The basic building blocks of all data models are 
  1. Entities
  2. Attributes
  3. Relationships
  4. Constraints                 




Entities

  • An entity represents a particular type of object the real world.
  • An entity is"distinguishable"_ that is ,each entity occurrence is unique and distinct.
  • An entity is a person,place,thing,or event about which data will be collected and stored. For example ,                                          
    a CUSTOMER entity would have many distinguishable customer occurrences, such as John Smith, Pedro Dinamita , and Tom Strickland.
  • Entities may be physical objects,such as customers or products,but entities may also be abstractions,such as flight routes or musical concerts.

Attribute

  • An attribute is a characteristic of an entity .

EMAIL

 
EMAIL(Electronic Mail)

•E-mail lets you sent electronic mail to and receive it from anyone with and e-mail address.  Email  may contain data other than text such as images or  music files.


Benefit of Email

   o Cost

           If you have a personal computer that is connected to the internet via, Isp or any network internet modem, you don’t pay extra charges for sending  or receiving email messages
o Convenience
           You can send or check your mails at any time of the day and from any computer that is connected  to the internet in any part of the world .If the email address is correct
o Speed
           It takes at email few minutes even seconds to reach  it’s destination in any part of the world .This how ever depends on your connection , the speed of your connection the speed  of your computer  and the speed at which your Isp transmit.

Email address

  The Email address has three parts
1)Username  On the left side of the @sign separator is the username
2)Domain name  Domain name for the internet host or network on the right side of the @ separator is the name of email server.
3)Domain code
   
                                                                                              

                  Username ⬎                  
Jsmith@gmail.com   ←   Domain code
                                                               ⬆ 
                          Domain name





Domain code
Aero-Air lines groups
Biz-Business
Com-Commercial
Coop-Business cooperative
Edu-education


Country Domain

Ølk-srilanka
ØUs-America
ØUk-England
ØIn-india
ØJp-japan
ØCa-Canada
ØAu-Australia


Password

Choose a password that is 8 characters or more Make sure your password is secure and one that you can remember .Secure password includes compilation of upper and lower case let us and numbers ,symbols 

Email Protocols/ Rules

•Here’ re some basic rules ,you should right to observe while using email and this is called email
•1.Netiquette
•Always use subject line, This will help the mail recipient to have an idea of what your message is all about
•Be brief in writing ,if  the information you want to send is much ,consider sending some as attachment.


Keep paragraph short and to the point .it’s hard to view long  paragraph remember most people will read your message on the computer screen ,so don’t give them trouble reading your mail.
•Don’t use all capital /all small letters write in a conventional way.
Remember to check your mail for spelling errors before you sent



Important parts of email

how to apply for non hosted adsense account

 

How to upgrade an AdSense account hosted to a normal AdSense account Tamil



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NVQ Level 5 Software Testing past papers 2014 Questions and Response

 

Question-1


01. Explain software testing why is it important to conduct the testing of software




 # Software testing is performed to verify that the completed software package functions according to the expectations defined by the requirements/specifications.
  • Finding defects which may get created by the programmer while developing the software.
  • Gaining confidence in and providing information about the level of quality.
  • To make sure that the end result meets the business and user requirements.
  • To ensure that it satisfies the BRS that is Business Requirement Specification and SRS that is System Requirement Specifications.
  • To gain the confidence of the customers by providing them a quality product.

02. What is the purpose of acceptance testing? Explain it briefly


# Acceptance testing, a testing technique performed to determine whether or not the software system has met the requirement specifications. The main purpose of this test is to evaluate the system's compliance with the business requirements and verify if it is has met the required criteria for delivery to end users.



03. Describe in detail the importance of validation process of software  development


  • # Determining if the system complies with the requirements and performs functions for which it is intended and meets the organization’s goals and user needs.
  • # Validation is done at the end of the development process and takes place after verification's are completed.





Question- 2



01. Who are the responsible persons to do the following types of testing


  1.  System testing
  2.  Acceptance testing (Ans user/customer)
  3.  Integration testing (Ans Developer)
  4.  Unit testing (Ans Developer)


02. Which test cases are written first: white boxes or black boxes ?explain your answer in brief


  • # Normally black box test cases are written first and white box test cases later. In order to write black box test cases we need the requirement document and, design or project plan. All these documents are easily available at the initial start of the project. White box test cases cannot be started in the initial phase of the project because they need more architecture clarity which is not available at the start of the project. So normally white box test cases are written after black box test cases are written.

  • # Black box test cases do not require system understanding but white box testing needs more structural understanding. And structural understanding is clearer in the later part of project, i.e., while executing or designing. For black box testing you need to only analyze from the functional perspective which is easily available from a simple requirement document.




 03. Explain the v model of the software testing



  • #Under V-Model, the corresponding testing phase of the development phase is planned in parallel. So there are Verification phases on one side of the .V. and Validation phases on the other side. Coding phase joins the two sides of the V Model


Question- 3



01. List down three (03) test case techniques used in software testing




Low Level
  • Boundary Value Analysis (BVA)
  • Equivalence Partitioning (EP) 
  • Special Value (SV)
  • Error Based (EB) 
  • I/O Domain

 High Level
  • Decision Table (DT) 
  • Flow Chart (FC)

02. Write down five (05) best possible test case for a login system in yahoo page


 #For testing the log-in page following are the possible scenarios:

  1.  The design of login page is as per the specifications
  2.  When the login page is opened the cursor is on the user name text box
  3.  Validating the user name text box with the following conditions:
                i. It accepts alphanumeric characters along with the special characters
               ii. Checks whether only the special characters like _, space, - are allowed
              iii. It accepts when only alphabets are given
              iv.  It does not accepts the numeric values alone
               v.  It does not accepts the void or null values
              vi. When tab is pressed it goes to the password text box
             vii. Checks whether the user name entered is available in the data base after the tab key is                          pressed
           viii.   Error message thrown for the wrong entry of user name
             xi. When OK button in the error message is clicked the cursor should be on the
                     user name text box

        4. Validating the password text box with the following conditions:

                i. Should allow the entry of alphanumeric and special characters
               ii. When the entry is made it should encrypt and display as "*" to the users
              iii. When tab or entry key is pressed it should go to the next page of the
                    browser
              iv. When wrong password is entered and does not matches with the values in
                   the database the error message is thrown
               v. When OK button in the error message is clicked the cursor should be on the
                   user name text box

  # There may be more possible scenarios for testing this page....but these were the most common  ones.



03. Explain the purpose of static Analysis. 




  • # Static analysis tools are generally used by developers as part of the development and component testing process. The key aspect is that the code (or other artifact) is not executed or run but the tool itself is executed, and the source code we are interested in is the input data to the tool.
  • # These tools are mostly used by developers.
  • # Static analysis tools for code can help the developers to understand the structure of the code, and can also be used to enforce coding standards.


Question- 4


01. What are the stages in the fundamental test process 



 # Testing is a process rather than a single activity. This process starts from test planning then designing test cases, preparing for execution and evaluating status till the test closure. So, we can divide the activities within the fundamental test process into the following basic steps:




                   1) Planning and Control

                   2) Analysis and Design
                  3) Implementation and Execution
                  4) Evaluating exit criteria and Reporting
                  5) Test Closure activities

02. Briefly explain the test analysis and design techniques




   # Test analysis and Test Design has the following major tasks:
  1.  To review the test basis. (The test basis is the information we need in order to start the test analysis and create our own test cases. Basically it’s a documentation on which test cases are based, such as requirements, design specifications, product risk analysis, architecture and interfaces. We can use the test basis documents to understand what the system should do once built.)
  2.  To identify test conditions.
  3.  To design the tests.
  4.  To evaluate testability of the requirements and system.
  5.  To design the test environment set-up and identify and required infrastructure and tools.

03. Describe the difference between regression testing and confirmation testing 


 # Re-Testing: After a defect is detected and fixed, the software should be retested to confirm that the original defect has been successfully removed. This is called Confirmation Testing or Re-Testing

 # Regression testing: Testing your software application when it undergoes a code change to ensure that the new code has not affected other parts of the software.


Question- 5


01. What is the difference between alpha and beta testing



  • # Alpha testing is a type of acceptance testing; performed to identify all possible issues/bugs before releasing the product to everyday users or public. The focus of this testing is to simulate real users by using black-box and white-box techniques. The aim is to carry out the tasks that a typical user might perform. Alpha testing is carried out in a lab environment and usually the testers are internal employees of the organization. To put it as simple as possible, this kind of testing is called alpha only because it is done early on, near the end of the development of the software, and before beta testing.

  • # Beta Testing of a product is performed by "real users" of the software application in a"real environment" and can be considered as a form of external user acceptance testing.Beta version of the software is released to a limited number of end-users of the product to obtain feedback on the product quality. Beta testing reduces product failure risks and provides increased quality of the product through customer validation.




02. What does entry and exit criteria mean in a project? Explain them briefly

  • #Entry criteria – It ensures that the proper environment is in place to start test process of a project e.g. All hardware/software platforms are successfully installed and functional, Test plan, test case are reviewed and signed off.

  • #Exit Criteria - It ensures that the project is complete before exiting the test stage.E.g. Planned deliverable s are ready, High severity defects are fixed, Documentation is complete and updated.

03. “Functional and non-functional testing are important in accepting the system by system owners”. Justify this statements with relevant facts.


  • #To the end system installation, development, usability, sanity, smoke, regression, destructive, recovery, automated, user Acceptance, Compatibility, Performance, Security and Accessibility are very important to the user that what the above statement is true these operations are under the Functional and non-functional testing
  • #To the end validating the performance of application also important to the owners.

                                                                                                             2015past paper

2014 PDF -link 1     link 2

Database Design Process - Chapter 03

 

Database Design Process 

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
  • Major Topic From Module  
               – Database Design process
  •  Lesson title: Database System Development Life cycle.
  • After studying this chapter, you should be able to(Learning Outcomes):




– Explain Database system Development

Lifecycle(DSDLC).

– State the stages/Phases of DSDLC.

– Explain each main stages of the DSDLC.

– Explain Database Design process.



Introduction

What are main phases in System Development Life
Cycle (SDLC)?
Database System Development Life Cycle
  • Database system is a fundamental component of the larger organization.
  • It is also a fundamental and important component of information system.
  • Database system development life cycle is inherently associated with the life cycle of the       information system.
  • With a small number of users, the life cycle need not be very complex.
  • Designing a medium to large database systems with tens to thousands of users, using   hundreds of queries and application programs, the life cycle can become extremely complex.

Stages of DSDLC
  • Database planning
  • System definition
  • Requirements collection and analysis
  • Database design
  • DBMS selection (optional)
  • Application design
  • Prototyping (optional)
  • Data conversion and loading
  • Implementation
  • Testing
  • Operational maintenance



Stages of DSDLC



üDatabase Planning


• Planning how the stages of 
the life cycle can be realized 
most efficiently and 
effectively.





Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
• Specifying the scope and 
boundaries of the database 
system, including the major 
user views, its users, and 
application areas.




Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
• Collection and analysis of
the requirements for the

new database system.
Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design

• Conceptual, logical, and physical design of the database.

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design
üDBMS selection (optional)

• Selecting a suitable DBMS
for the database system.
Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design
üDBMS selection (optional)
üApplication design

• Designing the user interface and the application programs that use and process the database.
Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design
üDBMS selection (optional)
üApplication design
üPrototyping (optional)

• Building a working model of the database system, which allows the designers or users to visualize and evaluate how the final system will look and function.





Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design
üDBMS selection (optional)
üApplication design
üPrototyping (optional)
üImplementation

• Creating the physical database definitions and the application programs

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design
üDBMS selection (optional)
üApplication design
üPrototyping (optional)
üImplementation
üData conversion and loading


• Loading data from the old system to the new system and, where possible, converting any existing applications to run on the new database.




Stages of DSDLC
üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design
üDBMS selection (optional)
üApplication design
üPrototyping (optional)
üImplementation
üData conversion and loading
üTesting
• Database system is tested for errors and validated against the requirements specified by the users.

Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design
üDBMS selection (optional)
üApplication design
üPrototyping (optional)
üImplementation
üData conversion and loading
üTesting

üOperational maintenance


• Database system is fully implemented.

• The system is continuously monitored and maintained.

• When necessary, new requirements are incorporated into the database system through the preceding stages of the life cycle.


Stages of DSDLC

üDatabase Planning
üSystem definition
üRequirements collection and analysis
üDatabase design
üDBMS selection (optional)
üApplication design
üPrototyping (optional)
üImplementation
üData conversion and loading
üTesting
üOperational maintenance

• Stages of the database system development life cycle are not strictly sequential, Some of them working as feedback loops.




                                         Database system Development Life cycle






Stages of DSDLC

Database Planning
• Database planning must be integrated with the overall Information System strategy of the organization.

• Define the mission statement

– An important first step in database planning..

– The mission statement defines the major aims of the database system.
Ex of Care:- To serve individuals and families in the poorest communities in the world.

– This statement define by Director/owner of the company.

• Identifying the mission objectives

– Next activity involves identifying the mission objectives.

– Define Objective:- A specific result that a person or system aims to achieve within a time frame and with available resources.
– Each objective identify each tasks.

– The assumption is that if the database system supports the mission objectives then the mission statement should be met.
• Database planning also include following
Questions.

– how data will be collected?

– what necessary documentation will be needed?

– how design and implementation should proceed?


System Definition


• Describes the scope and boundaries of the database application and definition the major user views.

• A database have more than one users.

• Identifying user view is an important aspect.

• User view Defines what is required of a database system from the position of a particular job role.

Requirements Collection and Analysis


• The process of collecting and analyzing information(Same as SAD).

• Identify the requirements for the new system.

• Collection methods are

1. Interview

2. Questionnaires

3. Onsite observations


Database Design


• The process of creating a design that will support the enterprise’s mission statement and mission objectives for the required database system.

• There are three phases of database design

– Conceptual

– Logical,

– Physical Design


Conceptual database design


• Conceptual database design, and involves the creation of a conceptual data model of the part of the large project.

• Data model build according to user’s requirement.

• Conceptual database design independent from

– DBMS Software

– Application program

– Programming language

– Hardware



Conceptual database design


• Identify Entities and attributes.

• Draw the E-R diagram.

• The conceptual data model is a source of information for logical database design.


Logical database design


• The process of constructing a model of the data based on a specific data model

• Independent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations.

• The logical data model is based on the target data model for the database

• The model is tested and validated against the users’
requirements

• Normalization technique used for test the correctness of the data model.


Logical database design


• The logical data model is a source of information for the physical database design.

• The logical model also serves an important role during the operational maintenance stage.

• Logical structure for the database, which describes relations and constraints.


Physical database design


• It is the third and final phase of the database design process,

• Here designer decides how the database is to be implemented.

• Developing the physical database design, we must first identify the target DBMS.

• Therefore, physical design is adjust to a specific
DBMS system.


Physical database design


• physically implement the logical database design.

– creating a set of relational tables

– identifying the specific storage structures and access methods for the data.

– designing security protection for the system


DBMS Selection


• If no DBMS exists, you should select a appropriate
DBMS.

• If you are going to select a DBMS first you cans check the feature against requirements.


Application Design


• The design of the user interface and the application programs that use and process the database.

• Database and application design are parallel activities.

• Designing the application programs that access the database and designing the transactions(Database Access methods).

• These interface present the required information in a
‘user-friendly’ way.


Prototyping


• A prototype is a working model that does not normally have all the required features or provide all the functionality of the final system.

• The main purpose of developing a prototype database system

– allow users to use the prototype

– Features of the system that work well,

– Check inadequate or not.

– Suggest improvements.

– New features to the database system.


Implementation


• On completion of the design stages

• Implement the database and the application programs.

• The database implementation is achieved using the
Data Definition Language (DDL) .

• Any specified user views are also implemented at this stage.


Data Conversion and Loading


• Transferring any existing data into the new database and converting any existing applications to run on the new database.

• This stage is required only when a new database system is replacing an old system.


Testing


• The process of running the database system with the intent of finding errors.

• Testing cannot show the absence of faults; it can show only that software faults are present.



Operational Maintenance


• The process of monitoring and maintaining the database system following installation.

• involves the following activities

– Monitoring the performance of the system. If the performance falls below an acceptable level, tuning or reorganization of the database may be required.

– Maintaining and upgrading the database system (when required). New requirements are incorporated into the database system through the preceding stages of the lifecycle.




Summary

• Database Planning

• System definition

• Requirements collection

• and analysis

• Database design

– Conceptual

– Logical,

– Physical Design

• DBMS selection (optional)

• Application design

• Prototyping (optional)

• Implementation

• Data conversion and loading

• Testing

• Operational maintenance

BY: C.SIVAKARAN
JAFFNA COLLEGE OF T0ECHNOLOGY
SRI LANKA
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